UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO POSGRADO EN CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS FACULTAD DE MEDICINA BIOMEDICINA RELACIÓN DE LA REMODELACIÓN DE LAS VÍAS AÉREAS A NIVEL ESTRUCTURAL Y MOLECULAR CON EL DESARROLLO DE LA HIPERREACTIVIDAD EN UN MODELO DE ASMA ALÉRGICA TESIS QUE PARA OPTAR POR EL GRADO DE: DOCTORA EN CIENCIAS PRESENTA: ÁLVAREZ SANTOS MAYRA DINORAH TUTORA PRINCIPAL DE TESIS: DRA. BLANCA MARGARITA BAZÁN PERKINS FACULTAD DE MEDICINA, UNAM COMITÉ TUTOR: DRA. ROSA NAVARRO GONZÁLEZ INSTITUTO DE FISIOLOGÍA CELULAR, UNAM COMITÉ TUTOR: DR. VÍCTOR MANUEL RUÍZ LÓPEZ FACULTAD DE MEDICINA, UNAM MÉXICO, CD. MX., MAYO 2017 UNAM – Dirección General de Bibliotecas Tesis Digitales Restricciones de uso DERECHOS RESERVADOS © PROHIBIDA SU REPRODUCCIÓN TOTAL O PARCIAL Todo el material contenido en esta tesis esta protegido por la Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor (LFDA) de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (México). El uso de imágenes, fragmentos de videos, y demás material que sea objeto de protección de los derechos de autor, será exclusivamente para fines educativos e informativos y deberá citar la fuente donde la obtuvo mencionando el autor o autores. Cualquier uso distinto como el lucro, reproducción, edición o modificación, será perseguido y sancionado por el respectivo titular de los Derechos de Autor. UN l f ¡,\&i POSGR D O~ Ciendu Biológica. lit. Ivo""e R.mlf'lz W.nce 01 • ..,10" a.n • • ,1 de Admlnl'I •• clón E.col •• , UNAM P" •• nt. COORDINACiÓN Me pe¡mito inlo.,,.,., • UlleQ 111.111 . 1 $ubeomiti de 8101og1. Ecolo¡¡l. ~ "'.."jo Integra l cM Eec'''temal del Posgrado." CierICi .. 8>o16gICn, en.., "1,,," O/dinao. del dla 31 de octul)r, de 20111, aprobO el jurado par. 111 pr .. ,ntackm 0.1 ".men poo" obtener el grado de DOCTORA EN CIENC!AS de .. alumrni ÁLVAREZ SANTOS M,t,YRA DINORAH con numero de cuenta 301005111. cen 111 t .. " I ~ U¡..:j8 "RELACiÓN DE LA REMODELACI6N DE LA vIlo. A~REA A NIVEL ESTRUCTURAL Y MOLECULAR CON EL DESARROLLO DE LA HIPERREACTIVIDAO DE LAS VrA.S AI!:REAS EN UN MODELO DE ASMA ALI!:RGIC ... " , ru llz ada~)o l. dlr..:cOO/1 de If DRA. BLANCA MARGARITA BAZÁH PERKIN$; P'HId_. Voe.l. Stcrtt .. iQ Sup~n!e DA. RICARDO lASCURAlN LEDESMA DR JAV1ER ROLANDO AMBROSIO HERHANcEZ DR VlCTOR MANUEL RUIZ LÓPEZ DR. ROBERTO ALEJA.NDRO AAREGUIN ESPINOSA DE LOS MONTEROS DRA. HORMA ARACEU BOBADILLA SANDOVAL Sin OtrO P"'t0eu1a., me el grato enviarte un cordial uluOo ATENTAMENTE · POR MI RAZA HABLARÁ EL EspIRITU" Cd, Unl ....... ILI.I., Cd. Mx., I 03 d. mlrzO d. 2017 ;ALQc.o~ ' ORA. MAR!A DEL CORO ARlZMENDI ARRIAGA COORDINADORA OEl PROGRAMA Unld ... do fuo~ , CoontiDac;.x, dol ""-0<10 on c ..... u... Bi.L6&lc .. Edór.clo D, t .. , Pi .... C"''';'o e cnd old>e >rtide ( ) BioMed Central o XI1 ~ ~S"'O' ....... II(........, MoMtd c-.all ......... Opoon _ ""dodllGbAOld ...... \he""""aI.,," c-;...,Convnonr.Anftlu6on~()'Inp/~-'l_~~ __ dowIWÓQI\ ~ ""I'fOduoion In ""'1 ............ PfII'OÜ ... 'llOW1M ....... IO\hedNmade~lnth& Oftide._ .. ___ - 76 - AIv~",z - Sant'" '" 01. CIniaJI ond T",n,~rio.oed IIv"" ""I!gen cll.:!lroges. ~l lh "d choil llcoo-ot>.tlllOM> indco<. dow-.. "po."e e"""" lo mI...,...., as""" as immYnoIoaromet- rie plethysmograph. A whole-body single-ehamber plethysmograph for fr""ly moving animals was u5l'd (Buxeo Ek>ctronics Ine .. T roy, NY, USA) to evaluate pulmonary funetion. The s ignal from !he ehamber was processed with eompute r-insta lled software (Buxeo 8io System XA vl.l) to ealeulate several respiratory parameters, including the broneho-obstroctive index, Penh. We ea\culated this index using the following eq ua tion [28[: Penh = ((Te-Rt)/Rt) (PEPIPIP) where Te = expiralory time (s), Rt = relaxation time (5), PEP = peak exptralory pressure (cmH20), and PIP = peak inspiratory pressure (cmH20). The software was adjusted lO include only breaths with a tidal volume uf I millilitre or more. with milÚmal inspiratory time ofO.15 sec- onds, maximal i~tory time of 3 seconds, and maximal diff .. Tl'f'lCe between i ~tory and expiratory voIumes of 10%. This guinea pig model ol aIlergic asthma does oot develop a nociceabIe late airway response. We COITOboratted that this sensitisation procedure induces tht: increment of 1112 (CD4 + ILl3+) lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lava8\'. Antigen-induced airway JeSponsiven: acquisition before and after ovalbumin administrabon. Each histamine dese WllS delivered over I minute, and the average of the broncho-obstructive index over the following 10 min WllS obtained. The inter- val between doses was 10 mino The dose-- response curve finished when the broncho-obstructive inde>: reached thn:e tim\'$ i\:$ Queline leve!' O nC\' the index returned to the initia! baseline value « ~ incremcnt), the ovalbumin challenge WllS administered. A lleUKld WI"Yl' was measured - 78 - AIv~rez - Sant'" '" al Clnicalond rranwrioSs, mM) containing 11 8 NaO, 25 NaHCO", 4,6 Ka, L2 MgSO ... 1.2 KH,P04 and II glucose (S igma Chemkal Co., St. I..ouis, MO, US). Smooth m...wc strips were cut (0.5 x 5 mm), and frag- ments weighing 200 mg total wcre placed in 2.5 mI !>SS with collagenase ~ I (1 mg/ml; Sigma OIemÍ<;;al Co., US) and dispase 11 (4 mgfml; Sigma Ülcmkal Co., St. I..ouis, MO, US) at 37'C Tcn minutes later; the fragmcnts were transferred to similar I'SS oontaining fresh enzymes. Tissuc was dispersed mechanically until isolated cells \Vere obscrvcd. Lciboviu's solution was addoo to stop the en- zymatic activity. Flow cyton>etry For the detection of caveolin- I production in the iso-- lated airway smooth musde cells, a three-color immuno- f1uorescence approach was used following a previously described method [29). lsolated myocytes were incu- bated with 10 lIg/ml brefeldin-A (Sigma OIemkal Co.; Sl Louis, MO, US) for foor hours to inhibit new cyto- kine release. Afier staining, cells were washed, fued with 4% p-formaldehyde for 10 min at 4"C, washed, and per- rneabiliscd with 0. 1% saponin in I'BS with 10% BSA and 1% NaN", Afierwards, cells were gendy shaken in the da.k for 15 min at room temperaturc and 1 I.¡l/!xllf cells were labelled with caveoHn-1 antibody (HD Hiosd- ences I'harmingen, San Diego, CA, US). 'Inen, cells were incubated du. ing 30 min with secondary antibody RTC rnouse (HD Biosciences I'harmingen, San Diego, CA, US). Finruly, cells were analysed for the expression of markers, on a FACScan f10w cytomete. (Becton Dickinson, San Diego, CA, US) using software, and 10,000 events were counted. 1'0 analyse the staining of intracellular caveolin- 1, the blasts were initially gated by thei. ph)'Sical proper- tíes (forward aOO side scatter). A second gate was then P"9" 4 oi 13 drawn based on the f1uoresomce characteristics of the gated cells, assessing f1uorescence intensity by histograms. Inteflsity of f1uorescence staining is expressed as the mean f1uorescence intensity. Control sta ins were performed using f1uorochrorne-oonjugated isotypc-matchcd anti- bodies. BackgrooOO stain ing was <1% and subtractcd from experimental values. Weslern bIot analysis Smooth musde strips from guinea pig tracheac (n " 3, each group) were placed in l)'Sis buffe!' (1% Trilon X- 100, SO mM Tris, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaO, 0.1 mM EDTA and EGTA, LO mM phcnylrnethylsulfonyl f1uoridc, lO j.lglrnl aprOOnin and leupeptin, LO mM Na3VO ... and 50 mM NaF; Sigma OIemical Co.; Sl I..ouis, MO, US) and homogenised (Polytron PT3100, Kinematica, Swiuerland). T issue protein (4() j.lg) from cach sample was loadcd in d ifferent lanes of a 12% SDS-polyacrylamide gel. In an add itional lane, a control protein (GAPDH; Sigma OIemÍ<;;al Co.; US) was ruso added. After electro- phoretic separation unde!' redudng cond itions, prott.'ins were transferred lo a nitrocellulose membrane a nd quenched with Tris-buffe!'ed sal ine (TBS) COllta ining 5'l(, non-fat milk and 0.1% Twcen-20. Membranes were sub- jected lo ovemight incubation (12 h, 4' C) with rabbit poIy- clonal antibodies raised against caveol in-I (BD Biosdences Pharmingen, San Diego CA, US), cavin- I (AntilPTRFI Cavin-I , MilIipore, BilIerica MA, USA), cavin-2 (SDR, 'Ibe!'rno S<;ientific, Rockford IL, USA) and cavin-3 (PRKCDBp, 'Ibenno SdentiflC, Rockford IL, USA), aOO then washed th ree times with TBS-Tween-2(} (0.1%). Cav- eoIin aOO cavins were detected by adding horseradish peroxidase-Iabelled anti-mouse antibodies. Immunoblots were developro m ing an enhanced chemiluminescent reactant (LumiGLO, Ccll Signalling; US) and an optimal exposition of the nitrocellulose sheets lo X-ray films (Hio- max ML Film, Kodak, Rochester, NY US). Caveolin- I an 10 mM DIT. pH 8.3). Samples were heated at 9S' C for S min to inactivate the reverse tran- seriptase and diluted to 40 Id wi th PCR-grade water. One-tenth of RT· PCR individual samples from each group was used for caveolin- I or GAPDH amplifica- tion in 20- ]JI final volume reactions containing 1 x PCR buffer (10 mM Tri ~· HCI. 1.5 mM MgCIl> 50 mM Ka, pH 8.3), 0.1 mM of each dNTP, 0.2 ]JCi of [a32P]-dCTP (3,000 Ci/ mmol, 9.25 MBq, 250 ¡.oCi), 10 ]JM of each primer, and one unit of Taq DNA polymerase (GIBCO, BRl.. Gaithersburg, MD, US). Samples were overlaid with 30 ]JI of mineral oil and PCR cycles were performed in a DNA thermal cyeler (M.J. Research, Watertown, MA, US), with the fol · lowing profile: denaturatíon for 1 min at 94' C; ano nealing for 1 min at 55' C and a I· min extension step at n·e. The last cyele was followed by a final extension step of 5 min at 7re. Control gene waS co· amplified simultaneously in each reaction. Ampli· fication kinetics were performed following our stand· ard procooure [31]. To analyse PCR products, one· hal f of each reaction was electrophoresed in a 5'11\ acrylamide gel. Bands were sta ined with ethid ium bromide, visualised under UV light, cu t out, sus· pended in I mI of scintillation cocktail (Ecolume, ICN, Aurora, OH, US) , and counted by liquid scin- tillation (Reckman l..S6SOO, Fullerton, CA, US). The amount of radioactivíty recovered from the excised bands was plotted in a log scale against the number of cyc1es. To semi-quantify caveol in-I and the con- trol gene, all reactions were performed at least in quadruplicate. P"9" S d 13 Conventional histology aOO automated mofphometry aOillysis l..eft caudal lung lobes of sorne guinea pigs (n = 6, each group) were dissected and fued by manual perfusion of lO')(, neutral buffered formaldehyde solution vía intra- arterial route until the lung lobe was exsanguinated. l..ung fragments obtained by sagittaJ cutting were em- bedded in paraffin, and 4 ]Jm-thick lung sections were stained with Masson trichrome stain. The surfuce areas (]Jm ~ ) of airway smooth muscle and lamina propria, as weU as the vascular smooth musele of adjacent vessels, were determined through the use of aulomated morph- ometry (Qwin, l..eica Microsystems Imaging Solutions. Cambridge, UK). Data were adjusted by length of the corresponding basement membrane, and their average was considered the final result. All measurements were condueted in six bronchi, six bronchioles and six arteri- oles (-100 Ilm diameter) ehosen randomly from each animal. Total epithelial eells in six bronehi of each guin"a pig ,",re count"d and Ihe I"'"",nlag" oC globct cell was obtained. lbe bronchus and bronchiole were identified by the presence or absence of cartilage in the airway wall. respectively. ELISA Anti-hwnan interferon-y (IFN-y; R&D Systcm, Minncapolís, USA). inttrlcukin4 (ILA; R&D Systcm, Minnropolís, USA) and IL-5 (done lltl'K5; DD I'twmingcn, USA), antibodiC'l wcre u.'ICd in lung ~ or SL11Sitizcd and rIOII scnsitisod guiool pig¡ (n - 6, ead1 group) 10 rooas..-c c)1Okines by ELISA as previously ooscriboo 127J. Immunohlstochemlstry aOO Immunofluorescence The Same paraffin-embedded lung tissue blocks used for the morphometric study were used for immunohisto- ehemistry (n = 6, eaeh group) and immunofluorescenee (" = 2, each group). Sections (3 ¡tm) were deparaffinised (55"C, 30 min) and rehydrated through submersion in graded alcohols (xylene, 1:1 xylene·alcobol, alcohol, and 70')(, alcohol for 10 min each, followed by rinsing in dis- tílled water). Antigen retrieval was performed with 10 mM citra1c buffer, pH 6. for 5 min in a microwave oven. Samples were treat.ed with hydrogen ""roxide (3'11\) lo quench endogenous peroxidase, and nonspecific sites were blocked later with home serum (2'11\). Sections were incubat.ed at 4' C ovemight with an antibody lo caveolin- I (BO Biosciences Pharmingen, San Diego CA, US). 1'0 dctect the specific binding of this primary antibody, an R.T.U. Vcctastain Universal Quick Kit was used (Vector l..aboratories, lnc., Burlingame, CA, USA) in which tíssues were incubat.ed 5equentially wíth blocking serum, a pan- speciflC sccondary antibody, and streptavidin/peroxidase complex. Finally, 3-amino-9-ethyl-carbazole (BioGcncx, - 80 - AIv~",z · Sant'" ÓITo,.-n b orrl-o-c (IQna>:) iI'd.xed by CNat...m (dosed ~,....¡ SilIine (opero SQlJolI"eil(OO ,~es AH:}I/\ wilh Dlnle'lf. m,AHple C""'''''&<\!lIe\ll. 'p uffeTW R1i~ during the who1e prQC~ l"o control for the non-speciflC binding of the secondary antibody, A) " il B) • " 3 sect:ions fmm the samio' lung were processed without the primary antibody. No positive staining was observed in non-spedfic binding control$. 'Ibe rabb it IgG (Southern 6 iotech, Birmingham, Al., USA) i~ COlJtro! W\\s negative. FIgou .. ] Cytokme Dp~ ond globet celk percentage in senWzed gulnN pig .. Al Levek 01 inlerterorq O~ N vt in\erleubn (L).epres.ion in ";rway smooIh mu>de, Aj C;r.oroIin·1 mRNA ~ ir¡ "-"'9 (n = 3 in all groupsl. al (avroIin., ~ in lr¡o:;ht>al ;mled ai'way myO<:y1es, rnt'il:AAed by f10w <:y1ome\ry {{r ~ 6, 7 tor con" oI ar ~1 asllvna modeI gr""-'V>l. o llepreser~;J1o.e aoI ",nd asthma modeI gu;,- pig. by immunohi.todlemisUy. Uppef irT'oil<) In ... , ;JÍIWJy W and Iung ~ M An ""lJIifocalion (1 aifwar and 1009 v_ ....... S/000lh rrosdes ¡, Ihown in bollOO\ images with ..-rows. Figures are repre.ental;"" (1 6 guinea pO}< in each ~ Statistical ~nalysis Airway rcsponsivl'ness lo histamine was evaluated by means of the prm'OCatÍVl.' dosc 2OCl% (PI),..,). Le., the interpolated histamine dosc that caused a three--fold increase of basal broncho-obstIUctive index. Olange in histamine responsÍYe- I>e$li indu<;ed by antigcn dli\lJenge ~ eva!1,IiIte<;l by \he 1'D:m ratio. i.e., 1'D:m value observed alter OVA chaUenge dívided by PD:m vaJue Wore chaJlenge. In multiple compar- isons. ooe--wayor repeated-measure ANOVA folJowed by Dunnett's tests was US\.od. Comparioon ~ control and asthma modeI groups was l'vaIuated by means of Student's unpaired t-test. Associations between caveolin- I and air- way responsiveness and obstruction were assessed th rough Spearman's conelation coeffic ient. Statistical significance was set at two-tailed l' < 0.05. Data in the text and figures are expressed as the mean :l: SEM. Results and discussion Antigen-induced airway obstruction and responsiveneS5 The guinea pig has serve < 0.05; n = 6 each group: Figure 3A). In oontrast IFN-y. a 'In l cytokine, has similar levels in both groups (Figure 3A). In addition, a signiflcantly incremenl oí gJobet ceUs was observed in bronchi epithelium oí asthma model group (1' < 0.05; n = 6 each group: Figure 3B) suggesting mal this model of acule asthma induces struClural changes in airway epithelium. (aveolin-, expresslon in aSlhma model In oomparison with other ceHs, smooth muscle expresses high levels of caveolin- I in Ihe plasma membrane [34]. In airway smooth muscle. the signalling p1atfonn associated with caveolin- I takes importanl roles in the recruilment of various signalling proteins involved in oontraction. For ex- ample, caveolin- I is involved in Cal. homeostasis via !he presence of voltage galed L-rype Cal. channels, !he plasma membrane Cal. ATrase, calsequestrin and calreüculin in caveolin-t:nricOC-d membrnnes [151. Other OOmpol\t:nb mat A) Airway smooth muscle Control P"9" 9 d 13 play a role in airway smooth muscle oontraction, such as M3 mUscaTinic. brac\ykinin. H 1 lústamine, phosphoUpase qH. Guq and store-operated Ca~ ' entry-regu!atory mecha- IÚSms. oo-Iocalise with caveolÍll- 1 [17.35]. Moreover, TNF- a, a fundamef\tal cytoIdne in asthma pathogenesis [36], in - duces RhoA activation, enhances force responses lo acetyJcholine, and increases Cal' responses to acetyl - choline, histamine and bradykinin Ihrough caveolin- I upregulation [18.37,38]_ Certainly. caveolin- I is associ- ated with key molecules Ihal participate in airway smooth muscle contraclion_ [n agreement with other studies [4-6], we found that caveolin- I is downregulated in Ihe lung homogenates of experimental animals. as shown in Figure 4A. The level of caveolin- I mRNA in the lung homogenate of oontrols was significantJy higher in oomparison to the experimen- tal group (P < 0.01: n = 3 in aH groups); nevertheless. Ilow cytomelric sludies in isolated myocytes demon- strated that the number of ceHs thal express caveolin- I increase"opr" 01 tw .. ~ loioIl., (whilc b.ml ond twond~ (lkk bar>1 adju'k'd by U.., bascfJ .... ~ rnerrt>-ar.., (I'M) p erim<.~~~. 35 rroeasu-cd by ao. 'lorna1ed ..-.::w¡~ 'OlrT"<.~oy. lliO"> ar ~ l \(."f1ica! mes are ,...,..., ±SE 01 n m6 P'" 91"'" ' P < 0.01 (tq>:Wed SIud AJJorgy (201 S) 5:14 P;oge 10 cA 13 A) Asthma model B) g * Lung vascular smooth mucle C) • w ~ 35 ~ '" ~ Ci 25 • I tE", • E .2 - 15 * 10 ¡¡¡ ~ • Control O) • , • • • ~ ~ o; ~ I • E 2-S • e o ~ , ~ Asthma model -" • • • " "' • , ~ > g> , ~ '" " " " .. • • • , • Con." Asthma model F~ 7 Re ~ sentative hisl oIogiaol k!<>turfl of Iung vaKUl¡or $_h rnusdes in • g .... nea pig ,,'Ie'I'<'Cr micrograph (l a.) from ti-.. k.r, '" l1l&lSIJ"ed b¡ autormted ~ry (fl ~ 6 per 9''''4'). Q Sy;Iemc aneri 01 e Asthma :::J --' model P"9" 11 of 13 cytoplasmic staining (figures 6A and 7 A). Automated morphometric analysis of smooth musde mass and sube- pitheliaJ fibrosis of broochioles and bronchi did noc show significant differef\Ce5 between control and asthma rnodels (Figure 6B and C; n = 6 in OOfltrol and n = 7 in asthma model groups). In addition, we did not observe an associ · ation between the degree of hyperresponsiveness and the leve! of subepitheliaJ fibrosis (r = 0.25; n = 13) or airway smooth muscle mass (r " 0.18: /J = 13). Nevertheless, widen ing o f the airway adjacent vessels was observed (1' < 0.05; n = 6 per group; Figure 7 A and B). The total numbers o f smooth muscle nudei in bronchioles in the experimental and control groups were similar (29 ± 2.3 and 28 ± 2.5 nudei, respectively; n = 6 per group, data figure 111 Immu~na mi<.ToKOpy showed .. .;gniflCillnl reduced fluoo-_l . tilining lo, c.spilse 3 in smooth mu.d .. from bIood vessels. L...-og li,....:: St.'<:I"",, hom <¡"iroe.¡ pig ....ee 3 ",'ub:xly. fo/klw<.'1 deo~'ilse o( apoplolic ceII, '\ bIood "" ,;el smool h rnusdc ceI> 1> ob5erwd In a:;thrna ",odet Reptesentilli"" 1""'9'" o( al 1eas1 1,,", Indepeodenl ex"","""",,,," • a:>r'~ lo sroooIh "'u,de bar-.ls In btonchi aro lung ""'~ - 86 - AIv~",z - Sant'" enomenon d id not induce pathopnysiological consequences such as changes in arterial pressure. C<>mpeOng int~ lhe 0UIh0r> ded>o"c 1ho1 thcy """" ..., o;omp<"Iir-.¡ ino:CfCS\~ """-" <:<>ntRbo.nóotI. MAS. PRR, $$H. Hl. rr", JUl. J\.III pcto. IIBP ~ d ond desigocd o:he .. pcpcf. Al OOJthors re.xl ond "Ilr'~ 1hc ....... ...........,.;p(. Aduoo""edge"""'1O M¡r¡r¡o AIv¡wcr$oRo;Ol WiOS ""WO'1oo lo< tos goo\lOCe >lOO'" b\I !he Posgo-ildo en ~ ~ ~ /Ib"jo;n¡oI o\l.WrIorm de Mépirolo<'" 10< lhe """""",i<: "-'PP"'1 gi"", lo Üli, projca. .....u- ....... ' ln5Iiluto Noo;iQn.)I de [ nf ~ Hesr"'"'''''' JsrrneI COIio 111 ........ Oep.>r1."..,n¡ode Hipc. ~;>n"ffi1O de Ilioqlli""",,,,- F,w,uhad de Medicino, ~ l-I,xIoro¡oI Al.<ko. ~ . , """"i<:o. ' D e l' '''~'o do 0rugI;> 12>c~~ . 1",1itl-00 N.xior"ooI de '~" ' O<'" lsm.leI CosIo III ~ Gbada de 11.>Ip¡on 4501. """"i<:o. ~ Phy>ioIogy Unit In9iMO de ¡""""':;ocíones ¡j¡ ~ ~ t.i.xIorol Al-OOnom. de Mé ...........,. 1her bp (Wors>l. 2O"»;57:3J1-44. lo CoO:crofl lNi, o..w. OC ~ <1 "'- hypcrr~ ) AIc" 560-551. J. F>idofuOtIIJt lloIh ~ 1""'" PA, p",,", 111; f\egj """"",",IASI'8I1014. 4. lloinI SN. lour\:;iroo l .o.tb»on C. JOleph ro;, ~ fI. a..o HW,"' ''' l= <1 ~1 Ir"", b-onchioI 10 SI\, l!off".,.,.., PIl, Bott 0, DoueI. V. el 01. ~iona.J{1/"IIO D,"'" c....eoIir> 1 ~ ,<.>QIJOed ro< <"""0<1" ~ ~ I:>j ~ smooo:h tnoIde oeIh. ) CeII Mol Med. 2011:15:l4)(1-Q. 9. I~ AJ. T' .... T. Go\ens " P!>enoo:ype ..-.J rlO"alonirl ~ ¡;J -..y smooo:h ~ role d GIWOIoe ..-.J """"'*". Proc Arn ThoIac Soc -~, 10. l e Sou:o: o. ¡"""",ro;, ""Y'''''o S,Choi ~ ~ G, rtchordson JA,,,,'" The role ¡;J GIWOOr> 1 in puIn>oro.yy maIri:oc ,emodeIing ..-.J ~ propett .... Arn J PhysioIlUf'9 e .. Mol PhysioI. 2IDI;295i 1007-101 7 - 87 - AIv~rez · Sa nt '" ittIJiL~SG,~OJ,~oSl(.lOMs[(. T iII'Ig"",e{", AAw~~~~~ ~m~ ~~M~ ~ion inogioo;¡ úyl-l- mU. FIe\¡)ór fIe<. 2013;14:110- 12 H< fJN: lMeaen~ inc.-olio- l D J PIl)'IioI Ph.YrrocoI. 2004;82l89---99. \4. Goe ..-.J ~ in the re'Om r;¡onjroJ......, ~h musde r;orrIain the neaI}' ~kw . rolo: in OO,)~, Am J f'I-ryWI L..-.:¡ CdI r..IoI PhysiollOO,U19:l1l./6· 1135, 16. Goe faditMe ~ ~,.-mediated inlr1lCelUao- ca:>+ ~ ..-.d contraction in ~ smooth musde.1om J ~ lID;! Cdlr..IoIPhysiol2001;29lil1CX>--- lila . 17. Pr ....... YS. Thomp>on ....... V .. R, Motolxin , f'elmon lI'. He 1, O! al. c..edins..-.J inI~ ¡:¡ pathwoy< in hr.rnon airw~ smooth musde """'-lipid ralt, are """"'i.lIlor ~ _ion á li>oii buI ~ for !he a<:t¡" .. ion á the ~ and MM1( p;IIhwayI. J BioI C'"""- 200í;281 :3-!705--1 S. 19. T09'JO'l MJ, le.wis p. r""", o. ~ KC, lnI-Obilion á f'I;;úIpho..-d ...,... (r¡rnslo::o:;Mion in di/lCfeI'I(io\ed smooth musde .,.,. • """""""" dfoIding domoin peptidc, b:J> Col fIe<. lI.«U58:T.!-8I , 20. SaIhisI1 V. ¡I,bujo AJ, lhorn¡,.,.-, 1M. Sied. GC. Pr.~sh YS, rabelid; CM c-oIin-l r'-")Ulalion "SI,."""",_ ca:>t WIu. In tunan ~ smooth musde, f ... 1Ir!;pir j 2012 11. I'i"lten), ~ AH, Rocpstotff p .~ J, T...-..m-kn:;cn ),Idcrd'i<;¡o;ion " . m¡rp- pr«ein o.-. J:he r;yt0>0lc f.Jceá """""'""- 6i:xhim ~ """,, lOCI5;1717;34-4O, 22 IIarrsen CG, Ni. ~ ..-.J~ . Trer.::ls Col BioL 201Q;20.l ll--f!6. n. !l.>I:~ I!, SiK>;~" f. V~ W1. M.>r\irJel-{r¡o-<.J:rQ f, __ ez p, ~$onI",M, el al, 8et1 1 -in~"'r>s lar .... .....tu-r>in ~ rmdeI á wIma. inI ~ ;>007;n83---a<..:t'-""'1K1n " ~ póg prl'dsIong ""= <~ ~m hr.rnon t ~ [ ... ~ 1 2(1));28;603-11 2J. Rarrx»-Ra~z p, Ú"""" MG, Martinez-úJrcle 8, Gorrio-Upeda E. An tigen-ird~ lIirw"1 hyper-r~ in ab>ence "br~rL.-.:I"'" in ~ 9L1inea póg<- Exp loog Re<. 201l;39.1J6-<15 28. IIimeInwv> L ~ J. T;o!;edo 1(. 0;Ijb¡, ~ Larrometric rnett.xl ro. the -......... cletection ci both inlr~ ..-.J ~ _;gen, á opId SpIing IWbor Lot..-'IOl"y Pres~ 20lli 31. 80bacIIa w.,~a.J'.MeJinI>II.c.nbo G.~~ Mil tooIto "00yk>w~ """""9'" inthe . I99J:2855-til l2 úrninI¡ BJ, C"",-, Y. 1J>ing cpnr:. pógs in mrdies r .......... to """""..-.J C(J'!). "'*" I'I>.ymacol l c.., 200:1;2 1 ;702-20. II WoodnIr PG, M:>drek B. ct-oy !:f.la G, ¡O,bbas AA EIIw.lngeI ~ el al. T-l>rV-r 'YI'" 2-drM-n inIIarM-...ion delires "'*" ~ ci ostt.-n.. Am J Respir Gil Ú., Med :.00«111:'1-388-95. 34. GobcIo G. Q.Jonr:itol"'" morphoIogi<:oI stWy ci ~ musde 0:1> ci the ~...".. coIi. Cdlli\.sue Reo. 1976;110.161 · 66. 35, SI'oona p. G/>ir.tarnI S. ~ GL Mt,og/)gn binds GM'oI in·1 in smootI> ~ ~ 1...-.:1""'" role in «M'OIae . "'""'" J CeI Sd. 2010;121Jl»I-1O. .l6. BriQIlr:Iir'9 c. Broy M, 1Vw ... y, Taro;¡e\ir'g TNF-o!pIw; a """" the lar ostIvna, J Iinc'-"""'l1 "inlracelrJar OO.) in ............ ~ ~h musde. Anl J PI>fSIoIloog Col Mol Physiol 201IJOI :l607---6H, .l& So1hisI\ V. Viii\/) 8, MeocheI LW, V~'-'" SIl; ~ AJ, Thompsot¡ 1M. <'1 al c...eoIin 1 ..-d force reguLxion in pcwóne ~ smootI> musde. Am J PI'tysIoI Lung CeI Mol Physlol20ll JOO;l920-929. 39, SolIVsh V.lhorn¡,.,.-, ....... so+.. So <;;edc GC. I'ral;ash YS, PdbeId. CM inIIammation. GIWOIoe..-d CD38·mro.tro caIcIum fI'gUIaOOn in ............ ~ \lI'IOOlh """"",, 8iochim BiopI>fs """,, I&0;2014J46---51 -10. Gosens" Dr.Jed< G, GeI1I'd1e< wr. Urvuh H, laiIgIrna J, Meuro; 1\ O! ... ~~ I.W' 1Onasea<:t¡"'nKln i< _ ,o~ r ""~_ s in ~ smootI> musde. Anl J PI'r)'IIoI L..-.:¡ CeI Mol Physiol 2007-292;1.1 163----1 172 il Jin y, Lee SJ. MInshaI RO. CI>oI AM. c-oIin-l : a altical reg..Iat,. á Irs>g irj.Joy. MI J I'IrysioI L..-.:¡ Col Mol Physiol201IJOO;lI51-lffi i2 Seó:ing !Xi, EIrc Med. 200'>;1650---5 il Mania,~ w., Shirarlnilgel OC 0I:adiI S. V"'J'I SM. MiI/iI;, Al!, '" al In"",.sed ~.""""", resistance..-d _ ~ artery flling in ~I-I- "'""'. Anl J PtrysioI Lung c.II MIj 1'tIysioI. 21nI;l'J.4i865---f113 +1 ~ LM.1:aniIbar V. Sharma lIS. We<.tergren-Thorsson G, tar,,,,,,- C*l1", M Pulmonary .. soL>r c/\ange' in .,1IvniI ..-d COPO, Pt.1-I! I'I>aJrMouIIon Submtt,..... """"Kript .. _._ ... """"'-'- ANEXO II: ARTÍCULO REQUISITO II ________________________________________________________________________________________ - 88 - ARTIeLE ••• , •• 1.1 Callular Biochemistry Airway Hyperr~sponsiv~ness in Asthma Mod~1 Occurs Ind~p~nd~ntly of Secrdion of ~ 1 Int~grins in Airway Wall and Focal Adhesions Prot~ins Down R~gulation Mayra Átvarcz-Sa ntos, I Verón ica C arb a~aV Olivia Tcllez-J iméncz, 1 Erasmo Mart r n ez - C ord c ro . ~ Victor Ruiz. Rogcllo licrnándC7.-Pando,4 Ricardo Lascurain ,~ Alfredo Santibañez-Salgado,6 and Blanca Bazan-Perkins 1o 'lkJtIo" ...... "o ,¡~ /U,."...m1ÜM B ",otqIIw, IN«lIul" doM. ln. ofl lK pI W<,!!rlo 'U"UO" .h • • od ,h, .. mo di"nhulloo In . 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